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LEAD levels in Shanghai pre-schoolers are a quarter of what they were 20 years ago and are similar to those in children in Western countries Hydro Flask Straw Lid 40 OZ Wide Mouth Sale , according to a new study.


This dramatic drop can be attributed to the city adopting non-leaded petrol in 1997, cleaner energy and improved hygiene, said researchers.


The two-year study was conducted by experts from the Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health at Shanghai Xinhua Hospital.


The team analyzed blood samples from 2,144 children in Jing’an, Xuhui, Yangpu and Jiading districts Hydro Flask Straw Lid Sale , the Pudong New Area and Chongming County.


They found that lead levels in the blood of children aged under 6 had dropped from 83 micrograms per liter in 1997 to the current 20 micrograms per liter.


This compares with 10 micrograms per liter found in American children and levels of between 10 and 20 micrograms per liter in children in Europe, said the Shanghai Xinhua team.


While no safe level of exposure to lead has been discovered, in China 100 micrograms per liter is viewed as excessive, while in the United States the figure is 50 micrograms per liter.


The Shanghai data is part of a national study of 30,000 children in 15 provinces and municipalities. The full results will be announced late this year.


Research team leader Dr Yan Chonghuai said lead levels in Chinese children are dropping, and Shanghai has among the lowest levels.


“The rise of lead in people’s blood was related to industrialization Hydro Flask Straw Lid Australia ,” Yan said.


“It was 150 micrograms per liter among American children in the 1970s and 90 micrograms per liter among Chinese children in the 1990s.


Yan said the fall is partly down to the city promoting non-lead petrol in 1997, three years ahead of national moves.


Children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning as it exists widely in the environment and because their smaller bodies are in a state of growth.


They absorb lead faster than adults and while learning to walk are liable to ingest contaminated dust. Improved hygiene tackles this, said the team.


Lead poisoning can cause learning disabilities, behavioral problems and higher risk of cardiovascular disease.


A Canadian court on Monday ordered tobacco firms to pay Can$15.5 billion (US12.4 billion) to smokers in Quebec province who claimed they were never warned about the health risks associated with smoking.


Imperial Tobacco, Rothmans Benson & Hedges and JTI-MacDonald said they would appeal the award for moral and punitive damages, which is the largest in Canadian history.


They must http://www.hydroflasksaleaustralia.com/ , however, put a portion of the award in a trust pending the outcome.


A hearing must also be held to determine how the funds will be disbursed.


The two class action lawsuits behind the award were originally filed in 1998, but only went to trial recently. They represent nearly one million smokers who were unable to quit or who suffered from throat or lung cancer, or emphysema.


At a nationally televised press conference, the wife of a deceased smoker showed a photo of her husband appearing gaunt and frail in his final years, due to a smoking-related illness.


The plaintiffs argued in court that the tobacco companies neglected to properly warn their customers about the dangers of smoking Hydro Flask Water Bottle Australia , and failed in their general duty "not to cause injury to another person," according to the Quebec Superior Court decision.


They also accused the firms of unscrupulous marketing and of having destroyed documents relevant to the case.


The companies, however, said the court's decision is not supported by the evidence presented at trial, and vowed to try to overturn it on appeal.


"Since the 1950s, Canadians have had a very high awareness of the health risks of smoking Hydro Flask Water Bottle Sale ," JTI-Macdonald said in a statement.


"That awareness has been reinforced by the health warnings printed on every legal cigarette package for more than 40 years."


As well, the firm said, "every facet" of the tobacco industry has been regulated by government, and the rules were strictly followed.


Imperial Tobacco, which must pay the bulk of the award, said the judgment "ignores reality" by wrongly seeking to "relieve adult consumers of any responsibility for their actions."


It said the plaintiffs' claims were made based on a notion that tobacco products should be banned.


Imperial Tobacco pointed to a 1963 Gallup poll that showed 96 percent of Canadians were aware that smoking might cause lung cancer.


Rothmans Benson & Hedges Cheap Hydro Flask , meanwhile, lamented that not a single class action member testified at the trial. "Not one showed up to say that he or she was unaware of the risks of smoking," the company said.


In his ruling, Judge Brian Riordan noted, "Over the nearly fifty years of the class period, and in the seventeen years since Hydro Flask Australia Sale , the companies earned billions of dollars at the expense of the lungs, the throats and the general well-being of their customers.


"If the companies are allowed to walk away unscathed now, what would be the message to other industries that today or tomorrow find themselves in a similar moral conflict?" he concluded.


You can find two solutions to fund your company: loans (debt financing) or investments (equity financing). When a person lends you cash under the terms of a loan agreement (at times referred to as the “note”), you happen to be obligated to repay the amount borrowed (the principal) in addition to interest.


Somebody who invests within your enterprise, alternatively, acquires partial ownership Hydro Flask Sale , commonly inside the form of stock inside your corporation. So, so as to discover equity financing, you will need to have an enterprise entity that will accommodate investment-generally, a restricted liability enterprise or corporation.


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